 update, october 22, 2010
Definition of society 1) a. The totality of social relationships among humans. b. A group of humans
broadly distinguished from other groups by mutual interests,
participation in characteristic relationships, shared institutions, and a
common culture.
c. The institutions
and culture of a distinct self-perpetuating group.
2. An organization or association of persons engaged in a common profession, activity, or interest 3. Companionship; company In this chapter, we are featuring texts related to society. Relationships, belief, politics, justice. You need to know how to use all the personal pronouns to be able to describe everyone.
1) exercise: use your thesaurus (one language dictionary) and look up the definitions of 10 words in here that are either highlighted or hyperlinked.If you are not doing "English as a foreign language", you need to translate those words first and then look up the definitions afterwards. 2) read each word that is highlighted or hyperlinked, then choose a
text from this page or a similar one, and read it aloud. (you can use
TTS voice to help you). We are using Barack Obama's speech in Cairo because it has been widely translated into various languages. It is difficult to illustrate social relationships in images, so we invite our students to use a one-language dictionary and write down the definition of words related to social relationships. We underlined our suggestions in red. - The links to translations of Mr Obama's speech in French, German, Czech made by the press follow. Barack Obama - Speech in Cairo (audio file) 55:46 
 This is a transcript of President Obama's Cairo speech, by BBC world affairs correspondent Paul Reynolds.  "I am honoured to be in the timeless city of Cairo, and to be hosted by
two remarkable institutions. For over a thousand years, Al-Azhar has
stood as a beacon of Islamic learning, and for over a century, Cairo
University has been a source of Egypt's advancement. Together, you
represent the harmony between tradition and progress. I am grateful for
your hospitality, and the hospitality of the people of Egypt. I am also
proud to carry with me the goodwill of the American people, and a
greeting of peace from Muslim communities in my country: assalaamu
alaykum. (Applause.)
We meet at a time of great tension between the United States and Muslims around the world - tension rooted in historical forces that go beyond any current policy debate. The relationship between Islam and the West includes centuries of co-existence and co-operation, but also conflict and religious wars. More recently, tension has been fed by colonialism that denied rights and opportunities to many Muslims, and a Cold War in which Muslim-majority countries were too often treated as proxies without regard to their own aspirations. Moreover, the sweeping change brought by modernity and globalisation led many Muslims to view the West as hostile to the traditions of Islam. Violent extremists have exploited these tensions in a small but potent minority of Muslims. The attacks of 11 September 2001 and the continued efforts of these extremists to engage in violence against civilians has led some in my country to view Islam as inevitably hostile not only to America and Western countries, but also to human rights. All this has bred more fear and more mistrust. So long as our relationship is defined by our differences, we will empower those who sow hatred rather than peace, those who promote conflict rather than the co-operation that can help all of our people achieve justice and prosperity. This cycle of suspicion and discord must end. I have come here to Cairo to seek a new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world; one based upon mutual interest and mutual respect; and one based upon the truth that America and Islam are not exclusive, and need not be in competition. Instead, they overlap, and share common principles - principles of justice and progress; tolerance and the dignity of all human beings. I do so recognising that change cannot happen overnight. I know there has been a lot of publicity about this speech, but no single speech can eradicate years of mistrust, nor can I answer in the time that I have all the complex questions that brought us to this point. But I am convinced that in order to move forward, we must say openly to each other the things we hold in our hearts, and that too often are said only behind closed doors. There must be a sustained effort to listen to each other; to learn from each other; to respect one another; and to seek common ground. As the Holy Koran tells us: "Be conscious of God and speak always the truth." (Applause.) That is what I will try to do today - to speak the truth as best I can, humbled by the task before us, and firm in my belief that the interests we share as human beings are far more powerful than the forces that drive us apart. Part of this conviction is rooted in my own experience. I am a Christian, but my father came from a Kenyan family that includes generations of Muslims. As a boy, I spent several years in Indonesia and heard the call of the azaan at the break of dawn and at the fall of dusk. As a young man, I worked in Chicago communities where many found dignity and peace in their Muslim faith. As a student of history, I also know civilisation's debt to Islam. It was Islam - at places like Al-Azhar - that carried the light of learning through so many centuries, paving the way for Europe's Renaissance and Enlightenment. (Applause.) It was innovation in Muslim communities that developed the order of algebra; our magnetic compass and tools of navigation; our mastery of pens and printing; our understanding of how disease spreads and how it can be healed. Islamic culture has given us majestic arches and soaring spires; timeless poetry and cherished music; elegant calligraphy and places of peaceful contemplation. And throughout history, Islam has demonstrated through words and deeds the possibilities of religious tolerance and racial equality. (Applause.) I also know that Islam has always been a part of America's story. The first nation to recognise my country was Morocco. In signing the Treaty of Tripoli in 1796, our second President John Adams wrote: "The United States has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion or tranquility of Muslims." And since our founding, American Muslims have enriched the United States. They have fought in our wars, served in government, they have stood for civil rights, they have started businesses, they have taught at our universities, they have excelled in our sports arenas, they have won Nobel Prizes, built our tallest building, and lit the Olympic torch. And when the first Muslim-American was recently elected to Congress, he took the oath to defend our Constitution using the same Holy Koran that one of our Founding Fathers - Thomas Jefferson - kept in his personal library. So I have known Islam on three continents before coming to the region where it was first revealed. That experience guides my conviction that partnership between America and Islam must be based on what Islam is, not what it isn't. And I consider it part of my responsibility as president of the United States to fight against negative stereotypes of Islam wherever they appear. (Applause.) But that same principle must apply to Muslim perceptions of America. (Applause.) Just as Muslims do not fit a crude stereotype, America is not the crude stereotype of a self-interested empire. The United States has been one of the greatest sources of progress that the world has ever known. We were born out of revolution against an empire. We were founded upon the ideal that all are created equal, and we have shed blood and struggled for centuries to give meaning to those words - within our borders, and around the world. We are shaped by every culture, drawn from every end of the Earth, and dedicated to a simple concept: E pluribus unum: "Out of many, one." Much has been made of the fact that an African-American with the name Barack Hussein Obama could be elected president. (Applause.) But my personal story is not so unique. The dream of opportunity for all people has not come true for everyone in America, but its promise exists for all who come to our shores - and that includes nearly seven million American Muslims in our country today who, by the way, enjoy incomes and education that are higher than average. (Applause.) Moreover, freedom in America is indivisible from the freedom to practise one's religion. That is why there is a mosque in every state of our union, and over 1,200 mosques within our borders. That is why the United States government has gone to court to protect the right of women and girls to wear the hijab, and to punish those who would deny it. (Applause.) So let there be no doubt: Islam is a part of America. And I believe that America holds within her the truth that regardless of race, religion, or station in life, all of us share common aspirations - to live in peace and security; to get an education and to work with dignity; to love our families, our communities, and our God. These things we share. This is the hope of all humanity. Of course, recognising our common humanity is only the beginning of our task. Words alone cannot meet the needs of our people. These needs will be met only if we act boldly in the years ahead; and if we understand that the challenges we face are shared, and our failure to meet them will hurt us all. For we have learned from recent experience that when a financial system weakens in one country, prosperity is hurt everywhere. When a new flu infects one human being, all are at risk. When one nation pursues a nuclear weapon, the risk of nuclear attack rises for all nations. When violent extremists operate in one stretch of mountains, people are endangered across an ocean. When innocents in Bosnia and Darfur are slaughtered, that is a stain on our collective conscience. (Applause.) That is what it means to share this world in the 21st Century. That is the responsibility we have to one another as human beings. This is a difficult responsibility to embrace. For human history has often been a record of nations and tribes - and yes, religions - subjugating one another to serve their own interests. Yet in this new age, such attitudes are self-defeating. Given our interdependence, any world order that elevates one nation or group of people over another will inevitably fail. So whatever we think of the past, we must not be prisoners to it. Our problems must be dealt with through partnership; progress must be shared. (Applause.) Now, that does not mean we should ignore sources of tension. Indeed, it suggests the opposite: we must face these tensions squarely. And so in that spirit, let me speak as clearly and as plainly as I can about some specific issues that I believe we must finally confront together. The first issue that we have to confront is violent extremism in all of its forms. In Ankara, I made clear that America is not - and never will be - at war with Islam. (Applause.) We will, however, relentlessly confront violent extremists who pose a grave threat to our security. Because we reject the same thing that people of all faiths reject: the killing of innocent men, women, and children. And it is my first duty as president to protect the American people. The situation in Afghanistan demonstrates America's goals, and our need to work together. Over seven years ago, the United States pursued al-Qaeda and the Taliban with broad international support. We did not go by choice, we went because of necessity. I am aware that there are still some who would question or justify the events of 9/11. But let us be clear: al-Qaeda killed nearly 3,000 people on that day. The victims were innocent men, women and children from America and many other nations who had done nothing to harm anybody. And yet al-Qaeda chose to ruthlessly murder these people, claimed credit for the attack, and even now states their determination to kill on a massive scale. They have affiliates in many countries and are trying to expand their reach. These are not opinions to be debated; these are facts to be dealt with. Make no mistake: we do not want to keep our troops in Afghanistan. We seek no military bases there. It is agonising for America to lose our young men and women. It is costly and politically difficult to continue this conflict. We would gladly bring every single one of our troops home if we could be confident that there were not violent extremists in Afghanistan and now Pakistan determined to kill as many Americans as they possibly can. But that is not yet the case. That's why we're partnering with a coalition of 46 countries. And despite the costs involved, America's commitment will not weaken. Indeed, none of us should tolerate these extremists. They have killed in many countries. They have killed people of different faiths - but more than any other, they have killed Muslims. Their actions are irreconcilable with the rights of human beings, the progress of nations, and with Islam. The Holy Koran teaches that whoever kills an innocent, it is as if he has killed all mankind. (Applause.) And whoever saves a person, it is as if he has saved all mankind. (Applause.) The enduring faith of over a billion people is so much bigger than the narrow hatred of a few. Islam is not part of the problem in combating violent extremism - it is an important part of promoting peace. Now, we also know that military power alone is not going to solve the problems in Afghanistan and Pakistan. That is why we plan to invest $1.5bn each year over the next five years to partner with Pakistanis to build schools and hospitals, roads and businesses, and hundreds of millions to help those who have been displaced. And that is why we are providing more than $2.8bn to help Afghans develop their economy and deliver services that people depend upon. Let me also address the issue of Iraq. Unlike Afghanistan, Iraq was a war of choice that provoked strong differences in my country and around the world. Although I believe that the Iraqi people are ultimately better off without the tyranny of Saddam Hussein, I also believe that events in Iraq have reminded America of the need to use diplomacy and build international consensus to resolve our problems whenever possible. (Applause.) Indeed, we can recall the words of Thomas Jefferson, who said: "I hope that our wisdom will grow with our power, and teach us that the less we use our power the greater it will be." Today, America has a dual responsibility: to help Iraq forge a better future - and to leave Iraq to Iraqis. (Applause.) I have made it clear to the Iraqi people that we pursue no bases, and no claim on their territory or resources. Iraq's sovereignty is its own. That is why I ordered the removal of our combat brigades by next August. That is why we will honour our agreement with Iraq's democratically-elected government to remove combat troops from Iraqi cities by July, and to remove all our troops from Iraq by 2012. (Applause.) We will help Iraq train its security forces and develop its economy. But we will support a secure and united Iraq as a partner, and never as a patron. And finally, just as America can never tolerate violence by extremists, we must never alter or forget our principles. 9/11 was an enormous trauma to our country. The fear and anger that it provoked was understandable, but in some cases, it led us to act contrary to our traditions and our ideals. We are taking concrete actions to change course. I have unequivocally prohibited the use of torture by the United States, and I have ordered the prison at Guantanamo Bay closed by early next year. (Applause.) So America will defend itself respectful of the sovereignty of nations and the rule of law. And we will do so in partnership with Muslim communities which are also threatened. The sooner the extremists are isolated and unwelcome in Muslim communities, the sooner we will all be safer. The second major source of tension that we need to discuss is the situation between Israelis, Palestinians and the Arab world. America's strong bonds with Israel are well known. This bond is unbreakable. It is based upon cultural and historical ties, and the recognition that the aspiration for a Jewish homeland is rooted in a tragic history that cannot be denied. Around the world, the Jewish people were persecuted for centuries, and anti-Semitism in Europe culminated in an unprecedented Holocaust. Tomorrow, I will visit Buchenwald, which was part of a network of camps where Jews were enslaved, tortured, shot and gassed to death by the Third Reich. Six million Jews were killed - more than the entire Jewish population of Israel today. Denying that fact is baseless, it is ignorant, and it is hateful. Threatening Israel with destruction - or repeating vile stereotypes about Jews - is deeply wrong, and only serves to evoke in the minds of Israelis this most painful of memories while preventing the peace that the people of this region deserve. On the other hand, it is also undeniable that the Palestinian people - Muslims and Christians - have suffered in pursuit of a homeland. For more than 60 years they have endured the pain of dislocation. Many wait in refugee camps in the West Bank, Gaza, and neighbouring lands for a life of peace and security that they have never been able to lead. They endure the daily humiliations - large and small - that come with occupation. So let there be no doubt: the situation for the Palestinian people is intolerable. And America will not turn our backs on the legitimate Palestinian aspiration for dignity, opportunity, and a state of their own. (Applause.) For decades then, there has been a stalemate: two peoples with legitimate aspirations, each with a painful history that makes compromise elusive. It is easy to point fingers - for Palestinians to point to the displacement brought about by Israel's founding, and for Israelis to point to the constant hostility and attacks throughout its history from within its borders as well as beyond. But if we see this conflict only from one side or the other, then we will be blind to the truth: the only resolution is for the aspirations of both sides to be met through two states, where Israelis and Palestinians each live in peace and security. (Applause.) That is in Israel's interest, Palestine's interest, America's interest, and the world's interest. And that is why I intend to personally pursue this outcome with all the patience and dedication that the task requires. The obligations that the parties have agreed to under the Road Map are clear. For peace to come, it is time for them - and all of us - to live up to our responsibilities. Palestinians must abandon violence. Resistance through violence and killing is wrong and does not succeed. For centuries, black people in America suffered the lash of the whip as slaves and the humiliation of segregation. But it was not violence that won full and equal rights. It was a peaceful and determined insistence upon the ideals at the centre of America's founding. This same story can be told by people from South Africa to South Asia; from Eastern Europe to Indonesia. It's a story with a simple truth: violence is a dead end. It is a sign of neither courage nor power to shoot rockets at sleeping children, or to blow up old women on a bus. That is not how moral authority is claimed; that is how it is surrendered. Now is the time for Palestinians to focus on what they can build. The Palestinian Authority must develop its capacity to govern, with institutions that serve the needs of its people. Hamas does have support among some Palestinians, but they also have to recognise that they have responsibilities. To play a role in fulfilling Palestinian aspirations, and to unify the Palestinian people, Hamas must put an end to violence, recognise past agreements, recognise Israel's right to exist. At the same time, Israelis must acknowledge that just as Israel's right to exist cannot be denied, neither can Palestine's. The United States does not accept the legitimacy of continued Israeli settlements. (Applause.) This construction violates previous agreements and undermines efforts to achieve peace. It is time for these settlements to stop. (Applause.) And Israel must also live up to its obligation to ensure that Palestinians can live, and work, and develop their society. Just as it devastates Palestinian families, the continuing humanitarian crisis in Gaza does not serve Israel's security; neither does the continuing lack of opportunity in the West Bank. Progress in the daily lives of the Palestinian people must be a critical part of a road to peace, and Israel must take concrete steps to enable such progress. And finally, the Arab States must recognise that the Arab Peace Initiative was an important beginning, but not the end of their responsibilities. The Arab-Israeli conflict should no longer be used to distract the people of Arab nations from other problems. Instead, it must be a cause for action to help the Palestinian people develop the institutions that will sustain their state; to recognise Israel's legitimacy; and to choose progress over a self-defeating focus on the past. America will align our policies with those who pursue peace, and we will say in public what we say in private to Israelis and Palestinians and Arabs. (Applause.) We cannot impose peace. But privately, many Muslims recognize that Israel will not go away. Likewise, many Israelis recognise the need for a Palestinian state. It is time for us to act on what everyone knows to be true. Too many tears have been shed. Too much blood has been shed. All of us have a responsibility to work for the day when the mothers of Israelis and Palestinians can see their children grow up without fear; when the Holy Land of three great faiths is the place of peace that God intended it to be; when Jerusalem is a secure and lasting home for Jews and Christians and Muslims, and a place for all of the children of Abraham to mingle peacefully together. (Applause.) As in the story of Isra, when Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed (peace be upon them) joined in prayer. (Applause.) (...) The fourth issue that I will address is democracy. (Applause.) I know there has been controversy about the promotion of democracy in recent years, and much of this controversy is connected to the war in Iraq. So let me be clear: no system of government can or should be imposed upon one nation by any other. That does not lessen my commitment, however, to governments that reflect the will of the people. Each nation gives life to this principle in its own way, grounded in the traditions of its own people. America does not presume to know what is best for everyone, just as we would not presume to pick the outcome of a peaceful election. But I do have an unyielding belief that all people yearn for certain things: the ability to speak your mind and have a say in how you are governed; confidence in the rule of law and the equal administration of justice; government that is transparent and doesn't steal from the people; the freedom to live as you choose. Those are not just American ideas, they are human rights, and that is why we will support them everywhere. (Applause.) Now, there is no straight line to realise this promise. But this much is clear: governments that protect these rights are ultimately more stable, successful and secure. Suppressing ideas never succeeds in making them go away. America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard around the world, even if we disagree with them. And we will welcome all elected, peaceful governments - provided they govern with respect for all their people. This last point is important because there are some who advocate for democracy only when they are out of power; once in power, they are ruthless in suppressing the rights of others. (Applause.) No matter where it takes hold, government of the people and by the people sets a single standard for all who hold power: you must maintain your power through consent, not coercion; you must respect the rights of minorities, and participate with a spirit of tolerance and compromise; you must place the interests of your people and the legitimate workings of the political process above your party. Without these ingredients, elections alone do not make true democracy. (Shout from audience.) Thank you. The fifth issue that we must address together is religious freedom. Islam has a proud tradition of tolerance. We see it in the history of Andalusia and Cordoba during the Inquisition. I saw it first hand as a child in Indonesia, where devout Christians worshipped freely in an overwhelmingly Muslim country. That is the spirit we need today. People in every country should be free to choose and live their faith based upon the persuasion of the mind, and the heart, and the soul. This tolerance is essential for religion to thrive, but it is being challenged in many different ways. Among some Muslims, there is a disturbing tendency to measure one's own faith by the rejection of somebody else's. The richness of religious diversity must be upheld - whether it is for Maronites in Lebanon or the Copts in Egypt. (Applause.) And if we are being honest fault lines must be closed among Muslims as well, as the divisions between Sunni and Shia have led to tragic violence, particularly in Iraq. Freedom of religion is central to the ability of peoples to live together. We must always examine the ways in which we protect it. For instance, in the United States, rules on charitable giving have made it harder for Muslims to fulfil their religious obligation. That is why I am committed to working with American Muslims to ensure that they can fulfil zakat. Likewise, it is important for Western countries to avoid impeding Muslim citizens from practising religion as they see fit - for instance, by dictating what clothes a Muslim woman should wear. We cannot disguise hostility towards any religion behind the pretence of liberalism. Indeed, faith should bring us together. That is why we are forging service projects in America that bring together Christians, Muslims, and Jews. That is why we welcome efforts like Saudi Arabian King Abdullah's Interfaith dialogue and Turkey's leadership in the Alliance of Civilizations. Around the world, we can turn dialogue into interfaith service, so bridges between peoples lead to action - whether it is combating malaria in Africa, or providing relief after a natural disaster. The sixth issue that I want to address is women's rights. (Applause.) I know, and you can tell from this audience, that there is a healthy debate about this issue. I reject the view of some in the West that a woman who chooses to cover her hair is somehow less equal, but I do believe that a woman who is denied an education is denied equality. (Applause.) And it is no coincidence that countries where women are well-educated are far more likely to be prosperous. Now let me be clear: issues of women's equality are by no means simply an issue for Islam. In Turkey, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, we have seen Muslim-majority countries elect a woman to lead. Meanwhile, the struggle for women's equality continues in many aspects of American life, and in countries around the world. I am convinced that our daughters can contribute just as much to society as our sons. (Applause.) Our common prosperity will be advanced by allowing all humanity - men and women - to reach their full potential. I do not believe that women must make the same choices as men in order to be equal, and I respect those women who choose to live their lives in traditional roles. But it should be their choice. That is why the United States will partner with any Muslim-majority country to support expanded literacy for girls, and to help young women pursue employment through micro-financing that helps people live their dreams. (Applause.) Barack Obama's speech in French, http://www.lesechos.fr/info/inter/300353123-le-discours-de-barack-obama-au-caire-texte-et-video-.htm German, http://www.wz-newsline.de/?redid=540587 Czech: http://deepa-shama.blog.cz/0906/novy-zacatek-muslimske-cesty-baracka-obamy-do-caira | 
Politics The main political ideas
conservatism liberal-economics socialism communism Marxism-Leninism ecolological anarchism fascism
the main political system democracy parliamentary monarchy republic confederation federal union economic community free-trade zone monetary zone dictatorship Socialist Republic Islamic republic theocracy totalitarian
Law and order
 The Perfect Prison October 13th 1926 Versailles Prison - A certain warder name Masset was on night duty outside the main entrance, and found himself becoming so bored and chilly that he could not resist the temptation to visit a cafe over the way. Being of a gregarious nature, the warder fetched out of a cell - in order to accompany him to the cafe - a man awaiting trial on a charge of murder, and asked a convict serving a sentence of five years for burglary to take his place by the door. All would have been well had not a policeman passed while Masset and his friends were away, and observed the strange spectacle of a convict smoking a quiet pipe on the pavement outside the prison. He at once arrested the amateur warder, and when Masset returned, he found the Commissioner of Police awaiting him. Seeing that all was discovered, Masset at once tendered his resignation and made a dignified exit before the Commissioner could recover from his indignation and astonishment sufficiently to discharge him. Justice zebras54 writes: The definition of justice is to solve a criminal offense and punish the offender. A criminal offense is either an act of violence or gross negligence committed towards a human being or society, or an act that is illegal. The term used is crime and misdemeanour. Murder, kidnapping, abuse, manslaughter, rape, torture are crimes, fraud, smuggling, gross negligence, perjury, theft are misdemeanours. Misdemeanours can have aggravating circumstances if people were harmed as a consequence: someone selling illegal pharmaceuticals that lead to people deaths, faulty equipment that did not pass the electrical test and yet were sold to the public and harmed someone. Sometimes, a crime may have mitigating circumstances, for example if someone kills a human being as an act of self-defense. In order to dispense justice, it is also important to assess the gravity and the consequences of the crime. US Forensic psychologist, Michael Stone devised a scale to determine the intensity of criminal violence.  Michael Stone -
01 Those who kill in self-defense and do not show psychopathic
tendencies (justifiable homicide) Scale of Evil 02 Jealous lovers who, though egocentric or immature, are not psychopathic (crime of passion) 03 Willing companions of killers: aberrant personality — probably impulse-ridden, with antisocial traits 04 Kill in self-defense, but had been extremely provocative towards the victim 05 Traumatized, desperate people who kill abusive relatives and others (like to support a drug habit) but lack significant traits. Genuinely remorseful. 06 Impetuous, hotheaded murderers, yet without marked psychopathic features 07 Highly narcissistic, not distinctly psychopathic people with a psychotic core who kill people close to them (jealousy an underlying motive) 08 Non psychopathic people with smoldering rage who kill when rage is ignited 09 Jealous lovers with psychopathic features 10 Killers of people who were "in the way" or who killed, for example, witnesses (egocentric but not distinctly psychopathic) 11 Psychopathic killers of people "in the way" 12 Power-hungry psychopaths who killed when they were "cornered" 13 Psychopathic killers with inadequate, rage-filled personalities who "snapped" 14 Ruthlessly self-centered psychopathic schemers 15 Psychopathic "cold-blooded" spree or multiple murders 16 Psychopaths committing multiple vicious acts 17 Sexually perverse serial murderers, torture-murderers (among the males, rape is the primary motive with murder to hide the evidence; Systematic torture is not a primary factor) 18 Torture-murderers with murder the primary motive 19 Psychopaths driven to terrorism, subjugation, intimidation and rape, (short of murder) 20 Torture murderers with torture as the primary motive but in psychotic personalities 21 Psychopaths preoccupied with torture in the extreme, but not known to have committed murder 22 Psychopathic torture-murderers, with torture their primary motive, sexual homicide Violence general definition text
Violent acts against society in general Fighting & destruction during protest rallies
Domestic violence and cruelty Fighting between partners
Spousal Mind Control (mental cruelty) resulting IN Mental Illness
Sexual violence and cruelty
For Pleasure: Sadism/Masochism Rape (male/female)
Violence and cruelty in schools Bullying Taunting Extortion
Violence and cruelty in the workplace Bullying
Fan violence Football fans fighting on the terraces
Violence or cruelty in hospitals Clinical Violence (Abortion, Euthanasia)
Sexual misconduct of counselors on the mentally ill in psychiatric lock down facilities
Riots
Violence resulting from peer group pressure (often among teenagers towards others, eg: gang violence)
Violent Crime Criminal violence: GBH (Grievous Bodily Harm), Murder, Extortion, Intimidation, Mugging (Violence resulting from drug abuse, greed, inferiority complex, peer pressure)
Violence
Violent acts against society in general Fighting & destruction during protest rallies
Fighting between partners
Spousal Mind Control (mental cruelty) resulting IN Mental Illness
War and other violent situations
for reasons of defence
 Cruel or violent acts towards animals
Cruelty through intensive farming
Violence to others resulting from mental illness Violent reactions during fits
political violence
abuse of citizen's rights political violent crime racial violence ethnic cleansing political persecution
2:41 queue Help End Racism Now!
After watching the sheer ignorance and hatred of racist people
on Jerry Springer, I felt inspired and impassioned to help in the fight
against against racism. Please comment.
by bjnboy
|
1
year ago
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1,234
views
Types of
relationships: Kinship relationships, including family relationships, being related to someone else by blood (consanguinity), e.g. fatherhood, motherhood; or through marriage (affinity), e.g. father-in-law, mother-in-law, uncle by marriage, aunt by marriage.
Non-formalized intimate
relationships or long
term
relationships such as loving
relationships or romantic relationships with or without living
together; the other person is often called lover,
boyfriend or
girlfriend
(not to be confused with just a male or female friend). If the
partners live
together, the relationship may be similar to marriage, and the other
person may be called husband
or wife. In
Scottish law they are so regarded by common
law after a time. Long term relationships in other countries are
often called common law marriages, what is not quite correct as they
have no special status in law. Mistress is a somewhat old
fashioned term for a female lover of a man who is married to another
woman, or of an unmarried man. She may even be an official mistress
(in French maîtresse en titre); an example is Madame
de
Pompadour.
Soulmates, individuals who are intimately drawn to one another through a favourable meeting of the minds and who find mutual acceptance and understanding with one another. Soulmates may feel themselves bonded together for a lifetime; and may be sexual partners but not necessarily.
Casual relationships, relationships extending beyond one night stands that exclusively consist of sexual behavior, the participants of which may be known as friends with benefits when limited to considering sexual intercourse or sexual partners in a wider sense.
Platonic love is an affectionate relationship into which the sexual element does not enter, especially in cases where one might easily think something else.
Friendship, which consists of mutual love, trust, respect, and unconditional acceptance, and usually means that there is common ground between the individuals involved; see also internet friendship and pen pal. Brotherhood and sisterhood, individuals united in a common cause or having a common interest, which may involve formal membership in a club, organization, association, society, lodge, fraternity or sorority. This type of interpersonal relationship also includes the comradeship of fellow soldiers in peace or war.
Participation in a community, for example, a community of interest or practice. Association, simply being introduced to someone or
knowing who they are by interaction. economy  The economy is the sum of money transactions. From the government budget, to buying and selling in shops and on the market, getting wages, paying taxes, receiving benefits, lending money or repaying loans, debts and profits. We also include in the economy non-monetary transactions such as bartering and unpaid work.  UTV News - 200 jobs at risk across NIAround 200 jobs are under threat as a range of local employers, including Belfast Metropolitan College and two construction companies, react to the spending squeeze.
Friday, 22 October 2010
Over 100 staff will be made redundant at Belfast Metropolitan College within the next 6-18 month period. The redundancy programme will affect all parts of the organisation including management posts, BMC said. The college, which operates six main sites, has blamed the job losses on a shrinking number of students and the impact of public spending cuts. Richard O'Rawe, Chair of the Governing Body, said the organisation had to prepare for the major drop in capital spending in the wake of Wednesday's Spending Review. "It is regrettable to have to make this announcement but in order to secure Belfast Metropolitan College's future sustainability and development, it is essential to redesign the organisation to reflect its current and potential customer base", he said. "The challenges for the College are further exacerbated by NI's current difficult economic conditions which will impact on public funding for some years to come and this increases the urgency with which the College must address and fix its problems." The BMC said they will ensure that the "high quality of teaching experienced by our students will not be affected" by the redundancies. In Coleraine, construction and property development sister companies J Kennedy & Co (Contractors) Ltd and Kennedy Concrete Products Ltd, which are part of the Kennedy Group, have been placed into administration. A spokesperson for the firm said 55 jobs are affected. "Unfortunately due to the current economic downturn which has impacted heavily on the construction industry in Northern Ireland, coupled with the lack of support available within the banking sector, the directors of the companies felt they had no option but to cease operations with immediate effect. Fifty-five employees will be directly affected by today's decision". A spokesperson for the Kennedy Group confirmed that "all other Group companies, interests and operations are unaffected by today's decision and would continue trading as normal". Twenty-seven jobs are also under threat at Limavady Gear Company, which refurbishes wind turbines, after the company went into administration. Administrators said "a significant number of redundancies will be made". One of Northern Ireland's leading bus companies employing 85 staff, which is based in Moneymore, Co Londonderry, also went into administration on Friday. A contract which Chambers Coach Hire held to run a twice nightly service from Belfast to Dublin on behalf of Translink was not renewed. The private coach hire business, which is profitable, has been sold. The loss making public service side, which employs around 50 people and still operates a contract with the Department of Regional Development to provide transport for people with disabilities, is in the hands of an administrator. Ian Finnegan, of ASM Chartered Accountants who has been appointed administrator said it is hoped that there "will be no job losses and that all services will continue as normal." © UTV News
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